|
Macro structure The global meaning of an observable text from the topic / theme of a text |
|
Superstructure The outline of a text is like the introduction, contents, conclusion and conclusion |
|
Micro structure Local meaning of an observable text From the choice of words, sentences and styles used by a text |
Figure 1: Theory of
Critical Discourse Analysis by vanDijk (1997)
|
Critical Discourse Analysis Theory (Fairclough, 1995) |
||
|
Textual Analysis Grammar ·
Theme Lexical ·
Metaphor Cohesion ·
Repetition ·
Conjunctions |
Practical Discourse
Analysis Intertectuality ·
Pre – assumptions ·
Metawacana ·
Disclaimer Interdiscussion ·
Narrative ·
Debate ·
Expositories ·
Expressive (Expressive) |
Social Practical Analysis Economics Education Politics |
Figure 2: Theory of Critical
Discourse Analysis by Fairclough (1995)
|
DECISION STRATEGY |
|
|
Bald
on-record Example: Ready! Listen…. Give me that big basket. The light is green. Please come in. Invite to eat. |
Positive
politeness Example: You look sad. Can I help? Can I borrow one hundred dollars? I'll take you to the hospital, if you don't
mind. |
|
Negative
politeness Maybe he took the box, maybe! Please give me the white plate. If so, a little instruction is not needed? Throwing empty bottles everywhere is not
allowed. |
Off-record Wow, it's getting cold in this
room. The price of shoes here is really
expensive. Your clothes are beautiful. |
Figure 3: Politeness
Strategies by Brown & Levinson (1987)
|
Discourse Analysis Approach (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018b) |
|
||||
|
PRE-CONCEPT 1. Intuition 2. Context • Acceptance /
Disclaimer • Requirements • References • Anaphora • Repetition • Ambiguity |
EMOTIONAL CONFIRMATION 1. Positive 2. Negative 3. Emotions Mixed • Behaviour • Personality • Mood |
VALUE AND CULTURE 1. Motivation 2. Self 3. Society 4. Custom • Honestly, sincerely,
kind, love, craft, thanksgiving, simplicity • Independent, weakness,
high, courage, physical and mental hygiene, union • Respect, Cooperation,
community spirit • Justice, freedom,
rationality |
LANGUAGE 1. First / second / third language 2. Formal / informal 3. Language errors 4. Linguistics |
INFERENCE 1. Overall summary 2. Summary of discussion topics 3. Closing words |
|
Figure 4: Discourse Analysis Approach Normaliza Abd Rahim (2018b)
|
Discourse Analysis Theory (Normaliza Abd Rahim, 2018d) |
||
|
Content 1. Theme |
Context Theme 1. Grammar 2. Background 3. Emotional |
Assumptions 1. Opinions 2. Persuasion 3. Questions |
Figure 5: Discourse
Analysis Theory
Table 2: Context in the Model of Storytelling Social Values
Through Children's Stories
|
Title |
Grammar |
Background |
Emotions |
|
Family |
The
use of simple words and sentences and suitable for all including special
children |
Mother and father house |
Happy, longing |
|
Self |
The use of simple words
and sentences and suitable for all including special children |
Indoors and outdoors home and
school |
Happy |
|
I am special |
The
use of simple words and sentences and suitable for all including special
children |
Mother and father house |
|
|
I Know |
The use of simple words
and sentences and suitable for all including special children |
Indoors or outdoors |
Sad, sad, sympathetic |
|
Saya Faham |
The
use of simple words and sentences and suitable for all including special
children |
Home, school or in public
|
Happy, sympathetic,
caring |
Table 3: Content in
Social Stories
|
Tittle |
Text |
Theme |
Sample/Materials |
Type |
|
Grandmother
and Grandfather |
Short story |
Family |
Grandmother,
grandfather, mother, father, Imran,
Madinah, Aisyah, Alim |
Narration |
|
I am Special |
Short story |
Family |
Grandmother,
Grandfather, mother, father, Imrah,
Madinah, Aisyah, Alim |
Narration |
|
Family |
Short story |
Family |
Mother,
father, Imran, Madinah, Aisyah, Alim |
Narration |
|
Heart |
Short story |
Community |
Ibu, cikgu,
Alim, rakan- Rakan |
Narration |
|
Neighbour |
Short story |
Neighborhood |
Ibu,
Madinah, Imran, Aisyah,
Sulaiman, Alim |
Narration |
Table 4: Context in
Social Stories
|
Tittle |
Grammar |
Background |
Emotions |
|
Grandmother and Grandfather |
The uses of
words and verses that easy and
suitable for all includes
special children |
Village of
grandmother and
grandfather |
Happy, miss,
sad, angry,
mistaken, satisfied |
|
I am Special |
The uses of
words and verses that easy and
suitable for all includes
special children |
House of
mother and Father |
Happy,
satisfied, sad |
|
Family |
The uses of
words and verses that easy and
suitable for all includes
special children |
House of
mother and Father |
Happy, fret |
|
Heart |
The uses of
words and verses that easy and
suitable for all includes
special children |
School,
home, Neighbour |
Happy |
|
Neighbour |
The uses of
words and verses that easy and
suitable for all includes
special children |
Parents'
house and
neighbour |
Happy,
sympathy, care, sad |
Table 5: List of
Social Values Social Stories
|
Tittle of
Social Stories |
Social
Values |
|
Grandmother
dan Grandfather |
Compassion,
care, rational, responsibility, sincere, honest kindness,
family, patient |
|
I am Special |
Kindness,
sincere, please help, care, responsibility |
|
My Family |
Kindness,
patient, please help, sincere, care, hardworking, effort, responsibility,
rational |
|
Heart |
Kindness,
compassion, care, sincere, honest, share, grateful, respect,
hardworking |
|
Neighbour |
Kindness,
responsibility, compassion, rational, care, sincere, honest,
confident, neighbourhood |
|
Taxsonomy Communication Strategy by Dornyei & Scott (1997) |
|
Strategy of
Ignition or Reduction |
|
1.
Ignorance/Omissions of message 2. Elactation
of topics |
|
Achievement
or Compensatory Strategies Pencapaian
atau Strategi Pampasan |
|
3.
Circumlocution (Parafrasa) 4.
Apprehension 5. Use of
words of all purposes (Penggunaan perkataan semua tujuan) 6.
Word-coinage (Cipta perkataan baharu) 7. Use of
non-linguistic means (Penstrukturan semula/Penggunaan kaedah bukan bahasa) 8. Literal
translation 9.
Internationalization 10. Code
change 11. Appeal
for help Stalling/Meminta pertolongan, penjelasan, pengesahan atau membuat
tekaan |
|
Stalling or
Time-gaining Strategies Penangguhan
atau Strategi Tambahan Waktu |
|
12.
Hesitation devices (Penggunaan perkataan yang tiada makna/Use of
fillers/strategi penanda) |
Figure 7: Taxsonomy Communication Strategy by Dornyei & Scott (1997)
Table 6: Strategy
of Communication
|
|
Strategy of
Communication |
Frequency |
|
1 |
Abbreviation |
15 |
|
2 |
New words no
meaning |
4 |
|
3 |
Disclaimer/Conflict |
10 |
|
4 |
Issues |
6 |
|
5 |
Repetition |
8 |
|
6 |
Referrals |
13 |
|
7 |
Self
correction |
5 |
|
8 |
Different
topics/Message ignorance |
4 |
|
9 |
Interstitial |
8 |
|
10 |
Delay |
6 |
|
11 |
Literal
translation |
4 |
|
12 |
Language
exchange |
4 |
|
13 |
Imagination |
5 |
|
14 |
Modesty |
4 |
|
15 |
Circumlocution |
4 |
|
16 |
Asking for
help |
4 |
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